Diskussion:Chilenischer Matorral

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term matorral

The term "matorral", widely used in Latin America and designating a great variety of mostly shrubby or low forest vegetation types, is applied in modern Venezuelan vegetation science to woody secondary or non-climax ecosystems.

It includes degraded forests from which almost all trees has been extracted, leaving behind a dense, often thorny scrub or woodland of up to 5-8 m tall, or shrubby anthropogenic ecosystems following overgrazing or excessive burning, domesticated by legume-invaded plant communities or natural shrubby regeneration phases of destroyed forests.

Such matorrales are very common in many places of the Llanos (=well definied ecoregion in Northern Southamerica between 7° and 10° N)

Plants: Bourreria cumanensis, plants from genera Acacia, Prosopis, Cericidium and Mimosa(?).

Quelle:

• Pennington, R.T. Lewis, G.P. Ratter, J.A. (2006): Neotropical Savannas and Seasonally Dry Forests. Plant Diversity, Biogeography, and Conservation. The Systematics Accociation Special Volume Series 69. [CRC Press] Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton, USA.

--davX ^Literatur 08:40, 17. Sep 2018 (CEST)

Montenegro et al. 1991: Introduction of plants into Chile

Zitat aus Montenegro et al. (1991) zu Pflanzengesellschaften in Mittelchile:

"The matorral vegetation is centred in the summer-dry region of central Chile extending from 32° to 30°S latitude (di Castri, 1981) and along an altitudinal gradient from the coast to 2000 metres. The coastal scrub, occupying ocean bluffs and ocean-facing lower slopes up to 300 metres altitude, is formed mostly by chamaephytes such as Baccharis concava, B. macraei, Haplopappus foliosus, Schinus polygamus and Senna candolleana. Among the phanerophytes the dominant species are Pouteria splendens, Peumus boldus, Schinus latifolius, Lithrea caustica and Flourensia thurifera (Montenegro et al., 1981). The dune vegetation is characterised by the presence of Puya chilensis, Eryngium paniculatum, Bahia ambrosioides, Chenopodium paniculatum, Centaurea chilensis, Scirpus nodosus, Poa lanuginosa, Festuca tunicata and several species of Oenothera (V. Poblete, personal communication). The inland matorral consists mainly of evergreen phanerophytes such as Quillaja saponaria, Cryptocarya alba, Lithrea caustica, Kageneckia oblonga and Colliguaja odorifera. A xeric low matorral formed by Trevoa trinervis, Talguenea quinquinervia, Colletia spinosa, Baccharis linearis, Trichocereus chilensis and Puya berteroniana occurs on north-facing slopes and open areas. Alongside small water courses are found Drimys winteri, Luma chequen, Maytenus boaria, Crinodendron patagua, Persea lingue and Psoralea glandulosa (Montenegro et al., 1979). The central valley is dominated by the thorny scrub Acacia caven and to a lesser extent by two other shrubs Porlieria chilensis and Prosopis chilensis. The general aspect of this community is that of a more or less open thicket with a rich ground cover of introduced ephemerals which appear after winter rain and a few perennial bunch grasses and forbs. According to di Castri (1968) results of studies on the soil fauna support the thesis that the 'espinal', a steppe-like community dominated by Acacia caven, has arisen because of human actions, because cosmopolitan populations are more abundant there than in the sclerophyllous woodlands from which it has supposedly regressed (Bahre, 1979). The typical sclerophyllous shrubland of the Andean piedmont, which is dominated by Colliguaja odorifera, Kageneckia oblonga, Gocknatia foliosa and Porlieria chilensis, is replaced at about 1850 metres by a montane evergreen scrub with species such as Colliguaja integerrima, Kageneckia angustifolia and Guindilia trinervis; this gradually gives way to a low sub-alpine scrub where predominant species are Berberis empetrifolia, Chuquiraga oppositifolia and Tetraglochin alatum (Aljaro & Montenegro, 1981). Communities dominated by alpine herbs and cushion plants appear at about 3000 metres (Arroyo et al., 1981).

...

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References

• Aljaro, M.E. Montenegro, G. (1981): Growth of dominant Chilean shrubs in the Andean Cordillera. Mountain Research & Development 1: 287-291.
• Arroyo, M.T.K. Armesto, J. Villagran, C. (1981): Plant phenological patterns in the high Andean Cordillera of central Chile. Journal of Ecology 69: 203-223.
• Bahre, C.J. (1979): Destruction of the natural vegetation of north-central Chile. University of California Publications in Geography 23: 1-116.
• di Castri, F. (1968): Esquisse ecologique du Chile, S. 7-52. In: Delamere Deboutteville, C. Rapaport, E.: Biologie de l'Amérique Australe, vol. 4. CNRS, Paris.
• di Castri, F. (1981): Mediterranean-type shrubland of the world, S. 1-52. In: di Castri, F. Goodall, D.W. Specht, R.L.: Ecosystems of the World, vol. 11. Mediterranean-type Shrublands. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
• Montenegro, G. Aljaro, M.E. Kummerow, J. (1979): Growth dynamics of Chilean matorral shrubs. Botanical Gazette 140: 114-119.
• Montenegro, G. Aljaro, M.E. Walkowiak, A. Saenger, R. (1981): Seasonality growth and net-productivity of herbs and shrubs of the Chilean matorral, S. 129-135. In: Conrad, C.E. Oechel, W.: Proceedings of the Symposium on Dynamics and Management of Mediterranean-Type Ecosystems, San Diego, 1981. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report PSW-58.

Quelle:

• Montenegro, G. Teillier, S. Arce, P. Poblete, V. (1991): Introduction of plants into the mediterranean-type climate area of Chile, S. 103-114. In: Groves, R.H. di Castri, F. (Hrsg.): Biogeography of Mediterranean Invasions. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. (Google-Books (http://books.google.de/books?id=hQcUkPf37lcC&pg=PA103&lpg=PA103&dq=Haplopappus+foliosus&source=bl&ots=pKE-_YRV_I&sig=XhQQdzi3diFcipPB5-7Zerar0yc&hl=de&sa=X&ei=c67uUuCzMMSw7Qbl6IGQBA&ved=0CDIQ6AEwATge#v=onepage&q=Haplopappus%20foliosus&f=false))

--davX ^Literatur 23:09, 2. Feb 2014 (CET)

Verschoben von Diskussion:Haplopappus foliosus --13:25, 4. Jun 2016 (CEST)